Assignment 101 : Satirical Portrayals and Political Commentary: A Critical Analysis of Satire in John Dryden's 'Absalom and Achitophel'

 

This blog is part of an assignment for the paper 101 - Literature of the Elizabethan and Restoration Periods

Satirical Portrayals and Political Commentary: A Critical Analysis of Satire in John Dryden's 'Absalom and Achitophel

Table of Contents:-

• Personal Information
• Assignment Details
• Abstract
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Literary Analysis
• Political Commentary
• Reception and Legacy
• Conclusion
• References

Personal Information:-

Name:- Akshay Nimbark

Batch:- M.A. Sem 1 (2023-2025)

Enrollment Number:- 5108230029

E-mail Address:-akshay7043598292@gmail.com

Roll Number:- 2

Assignment Details:-

Topic:- Satirical Portrayals and Political Commentary: A Critical Analysis of Satire in John Dryden's 'Absalom and Achitophel

Paper & subject code:-101-Literature of the Elizabethan and Restoration Periods

Submitted to:- Smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavnagar

Date of Submission:- 01 December, 2023

Abstract :

This assignment aims to conduct a comprehensive and critical analysis of satirical elements and political commentary in John Dryden's renowned poem, 'Absalom and Achitophel.' As one of the most significant works of political satire in English literature, the poem delves into the turbulent political landscape of the late 17th century, offering a sharp and often humorous critique of the political figures and events of the time. Through a meticulous examination of Dryden's use of satire, wit, and allegory, this assignment seeks to unravel the layers of political commentary embedded in the text, shedding light on the socio-political context in which the poem was written.

Keywords : Absalom and Achitophel, Satire, Allegory, Literary analysis, Power and corruption, Educational value.

Introduction : 

John Dryden's 'Absalom and Achitophel' is like a treasure chest of wit and wisdom, celebrated for its clever jokes and smart comments on politics. To really get what Dryden is saying in this masterpiece, let's take a trip back to the 17th century in England—picture a time of political drama and religious tension. That's the world Dryden was living in, and it heavily influenced the way he wrote his satirical poem.

Historical and Political Context:

Imagine a time after a big fight, the English Civil War, and the monarchy is back with Charles II in charge. But there's a problem. Charles doesn't have a clear heir, and his brother James, who's a Catholic, is next in line. This causes a huge fuss, known as the Exclusion Crisis. The Whigs, who want to kick James out, and the Tories, who support James, are going head-to-head.

Dryden, who was a big fan of the king, used his poem 'Absalom and Achitophel' to talk about this political mess. He cleverly mixed in a biblical story about a rebellious son, Absalom, to mirror what was happening in England. The poem became a way for Dryden to share his thoughts on the political chaos of the time.

The Role of Satire in Literature:

Now, let's talk about satire, Dryden's chosen tool. Satire is like humor with a purpose—it's a way to make fun of the silly or wrong things in society. Dryden used two types: one is serious and sharp (Juvenalian), and the other is lighter and more humorous (Horatian).

In 'Absalom and Achitophel,' Dryden mixed both. The serious part helped him point out the big problems in politics, while the funny side made it enjoyable to read. It's like Dryden was saying, "Let's talk about serious stuff, but let's not make it too heavy."

In the next parts of this assignment, we'll break down Dryden's poem. We'll look at how he put it together, the funny and exaggerated characters he created, and how he used old stories to talk about what was happening in his own time. By doing this, we hope to show just how cool and relevant Dryden's satire still is today and how it left a lasting mark on how people write about politics in literature.

Literary Analysis : 

Structure and Form: 1. Allegory, Narrative Techniques, and Poetic Devices:

- Structural Organization: 'Absalom and Achitophel' is structured as a heroic narrative poem, employing a narrative style to tell a significant story. The poem is divided into three parts, each contributing to the unfolding political drama.

- Allegorical Elements: The poem is rich in allegorical elements, using biblical stories to symbolize political figures and events of the time. For example, the biblical story of Absalom's rebellion against King David mirrors the political rebellion in England.

- Narrative Techniques: Dryden employs various narrative techniques, including flashbacks and foreshadowing, to create a nuanced and engaging storyline. The use of these techniques enhances the complexity of the political narrative.

- Poetic Devices: The poem features a mix of rhymed couplets and iambic pentameter, contributing to its poetic beauty. Dryden's use of vivid imagery and metaphors further enhances the emotional and intellectual impact of the work. 2. Biblical Allusions:

- Dryden incorporates numerous biblical allusions throughout the poem, drawing parallels between biblical stories and contemporary political figures.

- The biblical references serve as a means of emphasizing the gravity of political events and characterizing the figures involved.

- Understanding the biblical context enriches the reader's comprehension of the poem, as it provides additional layers of meaning and symbolism. Characterization and Caricature: 1. Satirical Portrayal of Political Figures:

- Dryden satirizes key political figures, with Charles II depicted as King David, Monmouth as Absalom, and Shaftesbury as Achitophel

- The portrayal of Charles II as a wise and just ruler (King David) subtly defends the monarch's legitimacy.

- Monmouth, Absalom's character, is characterized by ambition and rebellion, reflecting the Whig leader's role in the Exclusion Crisis.

- Shaftesbury, depicted as Achitophel, is portrayed as a cunning and manipulative advisor, representing the political scheming of the time. 2. Use of Caricature and Exaggeration:

- Dryden employs caricature by exaggerating certain traits of the characters, making them larger than life.

- Exaggeration serves a dual purpose—adding humor to the satire and highlighting specific characteristics or flaws of the political figures.

- The technique of caricature contributes to the memorable and impactful nature of the characterizations, making them stand out in the reader's mind. Wit and Humor: 1. Dryden's Wit:

- Dryden's wit is evident in his clever wordplay, sharp observations, and skillful use of language.

- The wit serves as a tool for social and political commentary, allowing Dryden to criticize and mock while maintaining an engaging and entertaining tone.

- Dryden's wit is multifaceted, blending humor with intellectual depth, making the satire both accessible and thought-provoking. 2. Instances of Humor:

- Dryden uses various forms of humor, including situational and verbal, to lighten the serious political subject matter.

- Irony is a prevalent comedic element, especially in instances where the difference between appearance and reality is highlighted.

- The humor contributes to the overall effectiveness of the satire by engaging the reader emotionally and intellectually. By dissecting these elements, it becomes evident that Dryden's mastery lies not only in his ability to weave a compelling narrative but also in his strategic use of allegory, characterization, and humor to deliver a potent critique of the political landscape of his time. 'Absalom and Achitophel' emerges as a brilliant amalgamation of literary craftsmanship and socio-political commentary, leaving an indelible mark on the tradition of satirical literature.

Political Commentary : 

Allegory and Symbolism:

1. Allegorical Elements:

   - 'Absalom and Achitophel' employs a powerful allegorical framework, intertwining biblical narratives with contemporary political events.

   - The biblical story of Absalom's rebellion against King David serves as an allegory for the political rebellion in 17th-century England, with characters representing real historical figures.

   - The use of allegory allows Dryden to comment on political events indirectly, providing a layer of protection against direct criticism.

2. Symbolic Significance:

   - Characters and events are rich in symbolism. For example, King David symbolizes Charles II, Absalom represents the Duke of Monmouth, and Achitophel embodies the political schemer Shaftesbury.

   - Symbolism extends to the naming of characters and places, adding depth to the political commentary. The symbolic layer enhances the reader's understanding of the poem's underlying messages.

Power and Corruption:

1. Theme of Power:

   - The poem explores the theme of power and its corrupting influence, drawing parallels between the biblical narrative and the political struggles of the time.

   - The portrayal of King David as a wise ruler highlights the virtues of legitimate authority, contrasting with the ambitious Absalom's illegitimate claim to power.

   - The theme of power serves as a commentary on the consequences of political ambition and the fragility of authority.

2. Corruption in Politics:

   - Dryden uses the characters to illustrate the corrupting nature of political power. The character of Achitophel represents the corrupt advisor, manipulating political situations for personal gain.

   - The poem critiques the moral implications of political maneuvering, portraying corruption as a destructive force that threatens the stability of the monarchy.

Religious and Social Commentary:

1. Religious Undertones:

   - Biblical allusions provide a religious undertone to the political commentary. The biblical narratives act as a moral backdrop against which the actions of the political figures are judged.

   - The choice of biblical stories not only adds depth but also emphasizes the moral and ethical dimensions of political decisions.

2. Social Dynamics and Class Distinctions:

   - Dryden uses satire to comment on social dynamics and class distinctions of the time. The poem reflects the tensions between different political factions and social classes.

   - The characters embody social and political ideologies, allowing Dryden to critique the divisions within society and the impact of these divisions on political stability.

3. Religious and Political Intersection:

   - The poem explores the intersection of religion and politics, especially relevant in a time of religious conflict. The character of Monmouth's illegitimacy and Catholicism becomes a focal point for political maneuvering.

   - Dryden comments on the manipulation of religious identity for political purposes, highlighting the dangers of exploiting religious differences for personal or political gain.

In examining these elements of political commentary, 'Absalom and Achitophel' emerges as a multi-layered work that transcends its historical context. Dryden skillfully utilizes allegory, symbolism, and thematic exploration to offer a nuanced critique of power, corruption, and societal divisions, leaving readers with timeless reflections on the complexities of political life.

Reception and Legacy : 

Contemporary Reception: 1. Initial Reception:

- 'Absalom and Achitophel' was initially received with considerable attention and acclaim upon its publication in 1681. It quickly gained popularity for its sharp satire and clever political commentary.

- Readers were drawn to the poem's unique blend of biblical allegory and contemporary political relevance, making it a captivating piece in the turbulent political climate of the time. 2. Political Impact:

- The poem had a notable impact on the political landscape of 17th-century England. It played a role in shaping public opinion regarding key political figures involved in the Exclusion Crisis.

- While it was a favorite among supporters of the monarchy, figures satirized in the poem, such as Shaftesbury, likely viewed it less favorably. The poem's influence extended beyond the literary realm and contributed to the ongoing political discourse. Legacy and Influence: 1. Literary Impact:

- 'Absalom and Achitophel' is regarded as a cornerstone of English political satire. Its success paved the way for subsequent works in the genre, influencing the development of satirical literature.

- The poem set a standard for using allegory and wit to address contemporary political issues, leaving a lasting impact on the satirical tradition. 2. Cultural Significance:

- The themes explored in the poem continue to be culturally significant, resonating with audiences across different time periods. The enduring relevance of its commentary on power, corruption, and political maneuvering underscores its cultural significance.

- References to 'Absalom and Achitophel' persist in contemporary discussions on politics and satire, demonstrating its enduring impact on cultural conversations. 3. Political and Social Impact:

- The poem's impact on political thought endured beyond the 17th century. It contributed to shaping perspectives on political authority, leadership, and the consequences of political intrigue.

- Its exploration of power dynamics and corruption remains relevant, providing a historical lens through which modern readers can analyze and understand political structures. 4. Adaptations and Interpretations:

- Various adaptations and interpretations of the poem exist in different artistic forms. The themes and characters of 'Absalom and Achitophel' have been explored in theater, visual arts, and contemporary literature.

- These adaptations reflect the enduring appeal of the poem's narrative and political commentary, showcasing its ability to inspire and captivate audiences in diverse artistic expressions. 5. Educational Value:

- 'Absalom and Achitophel' continues to hold educational value and is often included in literature curricula. Its inclusion allows students to explore the historical context, literary techniques, and political themes prevalent in the poem.

- The poem's enduring presence in educational settings underscores its importance as a foundational work in the study of English literature and political satire.

In summary, 'Absalom and Achitophel' left an indelible mark on both its contemporary audience and subsequent generations. Its literary prowess, political impact, and enduring cultural significance solidify its place as a seminal work in English literature and a timeless exploration of the intersections between politics and satire.

Conclusion:

In summary, John Dryden's 'Absalom and Achitophel' is like a timeless guide through the political twists and turns of 17th-century England. Using clever jokes and hidden meanings, Dryden's poem didn't just entertain—it influenced how people thought about politics back then. The poem's impact didn't stop there; it left a lasting mark on how writers talk about politics, becoming a cornerstone for later works in the same witty and satirical style. As we look at the legacy of 'Absalom and Achitophel,' it's clear that the poem's reach goes beyond history books. It's still part of our educational journey, studied in literature classes for the way it cleverly weaves together politics and storytelling. The poem's themes—about power, corruption, and the struggles between leaders and rebels—still strike a chord today. In the end, 'Absalom and Achitophel' isn't just a piece of the past; it's a timeless exploration of how literature can help us understand politics and human nature.

References:

de Beer, E. S. “Absalom and Achitophel: Literary and Historical Notes.” The Review of English Studies, vol. 17, no. 67, 1941, pp. 298–309. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/509398. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023. Jones, Richard F. “The Originality of Absalom and Achitophel.” Modern Language Notes, vol. 46, no. 4, 1931, pp. 211–18. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2913388. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023. Ketab, Athraa Abdulameer. "Political Satire in Neo-Classical Age: John Dryden as an Example." Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales 20 (2019): 619-629. Singh, Raj Kishor. "Humour, irony and satire in literature." International Journal of English and Literature 3.4 (2012): 63-72.

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